Was ist Aufklärung?
「啟蒙即人之脫離因己咎而致之無自主能力。」
IMMANUEL KANT
An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784)
Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! [dare to know] "Have courage to use your own understanding!"--that is the motto of enlightenment.
Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a proportion of men, long after nature has released them from alien guidance (natura-liter maiorennes), nonetheless gladly remain in lifelong immaturity, and why it is so easy for others to establish themselves as their guardians. It is so easy to be immature.
Full Text: http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/kant.html
An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784)
Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! [dare to know] "Have courage to use your own understanding!"--that is the motto of enlightenment.
Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a proportion of men, long after nature has released them from alien guidance (natura-liter maiorennes), nonetheless gladly remain in lifelong immaturity, and why it is so easy for others to establish themselves as their guardians. It is so easy to be immature.
Full Text: http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/kant.html
Chinese Version: http://www.hfu.edu.tw/~huangkm/kant/kant-aufkl-ch.pdf
（答“何謂啓蒙？“之問題）**
Better Version:
Enlightenment is man's release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Sapere aude! (Dare to know!) "Have courage to use your own reason!" - that is the motto of enlightenment.
Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind, after nature has long since discharged them from external direction (naturaliter maiorennes), nevertheless remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age.
A response by Michel Foucault: http://philosophy.eserver.org/foucault/what-is-enlightenment.html
Discussion: http://www.susan-neiman.de/docs/t_kant2004.html
Discussion: http://www.susan-neiman.de/docs/t_kant2004.html
posted by ooiheng at
9/14/2007
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